怒りは、短期的にはパフォーマンスを高めるが、不正の確率が上がり、より自分を守ろう

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Attitudes and Social Cognition © 2023 American Psychological Association ISSN: 0022-3514 https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000350 Anger Has Benefits for Attaining Goals Heather C. Lench, Noah T. Reed, Tiffany George, Kaitlyn A. Kaiser, and Sophia G. North Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University Functional accounts of emotion have guided research for decades, with the core assumption that emotions are functional—they improve outcomes for people. Based on functional accounts of emotion, we theorized that anger should improve goal attainment in the presence of challenges. In seven studies, goal attainment was assessed in situations that involved varying levels of challenges to goal attainment. Across studies, anger related to sustained emotion resulted in behavior that facilitated greater goal attainment on tasks that involved challenges. With a goal to solve difficult puzzles, angrier resulted in more puzzles correctly solved (Study 1). When a goal involved prize, angrier increased cheating rates and numbers of unclaimed prizes (Study 2). With a goal to do well in a video game, angrier increased scores on a game with challenges to be avoided, but not on challenges without difficulty (Study 3). In two studies examining the consequences of anger in response to goal blocks, angrier decreased the loss of anger, anger decreased cheating (Study 4), and predicted taking the effort to win in two contexts compared with anger (Study 5). With a goal to prevent nuisances, anger increased task-taken to prevent loss compared to a physiological arousal condition (Study 6). Keywords: emotions, anger, functional theories, goals Supplemental materials: https://doi.org/10.1037/pspa0000350.supp Usually when people are sad, they don't do anything. They just cry over their condition. words, much like a Swiss army knife that includes different tools to address different needs, different emotions are best suited to solve specific problems (H. C. Lench et al., 2011, 2016). In the present investigation, we focused on the theoretical function of the emotion of anger and predicted that anger would improve goal attainment in the presence of a challenge. —Malcolm X, quoted in G. Breitman (1965) People often believe that a state of happiness is ideal, and the majority of people consider the pursuit of happiness a major life goal (Diener, 2000). However, recent research has made clear that a mix of emotions, which includes negative states, results in the best outcomes (Lench et al., 2004; Weidman & Gross, 2021). The benefits of emotion have been debated for centuries, and potential benefits are highlighted in a class of theories called functional accounts of emotion, that underlie many hypotheses about emotion. However, there have been few empirical tests of a major assumption underlying these accounts: emotions function to respond to goal challenges. From this perspective, it is that emotions are beneficial an