不安気質な方には、肯定的なフィードバックをマシマシで❗

nature communications Article Distorted learning from local metacognition supports transdiagnostic underconfidence Received: 6 July 2023 Accepted: 10 February 2025 Published online: 21 February 2025 Check for updates Sucharit Katyal, Quentin JM Huys, Raymond J. Dolan & Stephen M. Fleming Individuals experiencing symptoms of anxiety and depression have been shown to exhibit persistent underconfidence. The origin of such metacognitive biases presents a puzzle, given that individuals should be able to learn appropriate levels of confidence from observing their own performance. In two large general population samples (N = 230 and N = 278), we measure both 'local' confidence in individual task instances and 'global' confidence as longer-term self-performance estimates while manipulating external feedback. Global confidence is sensitive to both local confidence and feedback valence— more frequent positive (negative) feedback increases (respectively decreases) global confidence, with asymmetries in feedback also leading to shifts in affective self-beliefs. Notably, however, global confidence exhibits reduced sensitivity to instances of higher local confidence in individuals with greater subclinical anxiety/depression symptomatology, despite sensitivity to feedback valence remaining intact. Our finding of blunted sensitivity to increases in local confidence offers a mechanistic basis for how persistent underconfidence is maintained in the face of intact performance. Computational and cognitive approaches in neuroscience and psychiatry have made great strides in understanding how humans perceive and represent their environment. A significant component of human mental activity, however, involves how we think about our selves. Metacognitive beliefs about our skills and abilities have particular and pervasive impact in educational and clinical settings, affecting people's decisions about whether to pursue new activities. In experimental studies of metacognition, a robust link has been established between transdiagnostic symptoms of anxiety and depression and persistent underconfidence as measured through long-run self-performance estimates (which we refer to as 'global' SFEs). Conversely, remission from depression symptoms, through either therapy or antidepressants, is found coupled to amelioration in underconfidence. However, previous studies examining the link between metacognition and symptoms have been descriptive, and a mechanistic understanding of why confidence distortions in anxious-depression persist despite otherwise intact performance remains elusive. One promising route to understanding the source of these persistent underconfidence biases is to unpack how confidence is formed, particularly at a global level. Several factors have been shown to influence confidence formation over and above objective performance. For example, induction of negative vs. positive affect or low vs. high expected outcomes can decrease vs. increase local confidence, resp